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Quantum criticality at the origin of life :: Gabor Vattay, Stuart Kaufmann et al, Eotvos University, University of Calgary and University of Toronto :: arXiv:1502.06880v2
Most biomolecules are suggested to be neither conductors nor insulators, but to be at the critical transition point between these states. In this respect, they are seen as being a special type of quantum-critical material. Molecules involved in biochemical activity are seen to be tuned to this critical point. This finding relates to the behaviour of electrons in large biomolecules, at the transition point between conduction and insulation.
Evolution is seen to have selected only a tiny proportion of the possible small biomolecules, and an even smaller proportion of the possible proteins for use in organisms; this selection appears to have been determined by the proximity of the selected biomolecules to the critical quantum point between localisation and delocalisation.
The electrons are only free to move in the conduction state. At the critical point, the current is unpredictable, and can flow in avalanches of varying magnitude. This would appear to indicate an element of chaos within the functioning of the brain. Molecules involved in biochemical activity are seen to be tuned to the critical point. The degree of disorder in the conductors is said to be tuned exactly to the transition point between conduction and insulation. This is suggested is suggested to be indicative of a general mechanism for efficient energy transport in organic matter. This applies to most biomolecules ranging from small signalling molecules to proteins. In most physical systems, this critical transition state can be achieved by careful tuning, but the natural state of most biomolecules is to be poised at this transition state without any tuning
The authors take the view that the chances of finding a single amino-acid tuned exactly to the conductor-insulator transition are astronomically small, so for a protein composed to more than 100 amino-acids such tuning can be regarded as impossible. Most biomolecules turn out to be tuned exactly to the transition point as critical conductors. The form of conductance found in organisms appears to be very different from that found in other electrical circuits. In a non-organic electrical field electrons are accelerated, but some of their energy is dissipated by scattering on impurities. However, this type of process is seldom seen in organic material. In organisms there is a joint influence from the Hamiltonian or total energy of the system and from decoherence caused by the environment
Such a system has been demonstrated for the excitons of photosynthetic light-harvesting Thylakoid_membrane_3.svgsystems that allow the very efficient transfer of energy. It is now thought that such processes may be universal in organic systems, with charges in all biological conductors also subject to this type of system. The transfer of energy has been seen to be most effective at the critical quantum point between localisation and delocalisation. The excitonic systems of light-harvesting systems are at or near this critical point. Energy transport appears to be hindered by localisation, and also by the decoherence of coherent systems, but at the critical point between the two stages energy transport is facilitated. This could be seen as a solution to the puzzle of how energy in organisms is sufficient to achieve what it does, given the energy losses that occur in other systems, such as even a simple electrical circuit.
